The head of the F-35 Lightning II joint strike fighter program office said that he expects to have decided on a permanent solution by the end of December for the design issue that caused an engine to fail in June in an F-35A at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida.
The engine’s manufacturer, Pratt & Whitney, has offered several potential fixes, some of which already are being tested, Air Force Lt. Gen. Christopher C. Bogdan told reporters yesterday.
Micro Fractures in Titanium Part
The engine failure and subsequent fire were the result of micro fractures in one of the three-stage fan sections that compress air before it enters the engine, the general said. These sections are lined with a polyimide material that is designed to rub against the fan blades to reduce pressure loss.
In the case of AF-27, the third fan rubbed in excess of tolerance during maneuvers several weeks before the failure, causing the blades to heat to about 1,900 degrees — 900 more than ever expected, Bogdan said. This led to micro fractures in the titanium part of the rotor, which grew over the next few weeks of flying before finally failing, he said.
“That caused that rotor to liberate from the airplane,” Bogdan said. “The fire was caused not by the engine, but by the pieces of the engine that flew out through the aft upper fuselage fuel tank.”
The fire led officials to ground the aircraft July 3 for fleetwide engine inspections. The aircraft returned to limited flight July 14 when no systemic issues were found, defense officials said.
“Two short mid-term fixes have already been validated,” Bogdan said.
Burn-in Process
For the first, a new engine is flown in a defined profile that subjects it to a specific set of altitudes, airspeeds, G-forces and roll rates, he said.
“And in two sorties, you can burn in the engine in a very controlled way,” the general said, “such that where this rubbing occurs has now been burned in, so to speak, and anything else you do with the airplane inside the envelope won’t cause any more rubbing than what it has already seen.”
This burn-in process already has been conducted on four of the Air Force’s test aircraft, he said. The procedure takes about an hour for each sortie, and the engine is inspected after each flight. If the engine passes the second inspection, the airplane is cleared for flight within its “normal full envelope,” Bogdan said.
“We’ve done that on four test airplanes already, validated it, it’s working [and] we plan on using that on the test airplanes over the next few weeks,” he noted.
Pre-trenching
The second method involves a change to the manufacturing process of the engine, the general said. Instead of designing the blades to rub on the polyimide lining of the stator walls, the lining would be “pre-trenched,” he said.
“When we put the fan blade in there, no matter what we do on the airplane G-wise, speed-wise, altitude-wise, it won’t rub anymore,” the general said.
The new design already has been flight-tested on AF-2 and AF-4, which are developmental testing jets, he said.
“As it turns out, that solution works very, very well,” Bogdan said. “We inspected the engine and we saw no signs whatsoever of any rubbing at all — not even normal rubbing — that we see, which leads us to believe that we can fly through the full envelope of the airplane and not have any of that heating anymore.”
All 19 developmental testing aircraft will have undergone either the burn-in or pre-trenching retrofitting by the end of December, the general said, noting that the team is working with Navy and Air Force airworthiness authorities to approve the process for the more than 100 already-fielded F-35s. Pratt & Whitney is bearing the cost of retrofitting or burning in all of the fielded engines, Bogdan noted.
Time-consuming Process
It will take months to complete the fixes for all of the fielded airplanes, he said.
Two methods were needed because fabricating