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29 Jan 21. France begins backfilling its Rafale fleet after selling some to Greece. The French Air and Space Force will be getting 12 new Rafales to replace those being removed from its inventory to sell to Greece, Defense Minister Florence Parly said on Friday.
The announcement comes a few weeks later than originally planned. Florence Parly had told the National Assembly’s Defense Commission last fall that the order would be placed with Dassault Aviation, the Rafale’s manufacturer, before the end of 2020. But that was on the provision that the $3bn contract with Greece for 18 Rafales had been signed by then.
That Greek contract was signed four days ago so Parly took the opportunity of a visit to Dassault Aviation’s flight controls factory in Argonay, in the French Alps on Jan. 29 to announce the new order. Eric Trappier, Dassault’s CEO, had earlier underlined the fact that “Dassault is the only aircraft manufacturer in the world to design and produce its own flight controls.”
Contracts to Dassault Aviation, Safran (the engine manufacturer) and Thales (the electronics) will be sent out by the DGA procurement agency in the next few days. While no price tag was given during Parly’s announcement, Trappier has previously said one fully equipped fighter costs around 100m euros, or $121m, which would put the total package at just under $1.5bn.
Parly said the 12 new aircraft would be built to the latest F3R standard. She added, “We sold 18 Rafales to Greece so it is indeed 18 Rafales that Dassault will have to produce.” Speaking at the factory, the defense minister said one Rafale would come off the production line per month, “which represents 7,000 jobs, jobs within Dassault of course, but also within the 500 or so small and medium enterprises that work with you.” She added that in the current economic context “this is good and reassuring news”.
The French Air and Space Force will have its 12 new aircraft by the end of 2025. Together with the 28 Rafales that Dassault is to deliver between 2022 and 2024, this will bring the total to 129, as projected in the 2019-2025 military program law. (Source: Defense News)
29 Jan 21. Finland requests final offers for HX fighter deal. Finland has asked all five bidders involved in its HX fighter contest to submit best and final offers by 30 April, ahead of a type selection decision at “the end of 2021”.
“The request for best and final offer and the expected binding offers from the tenderers is the final phase of tendering in the HX fighter programme,” the Finnish Defence Forces Logistics Command says.
Helsinki is seeking replacements for its current F/A-18C/D fighters
Models in contention for the deal are the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon, Lockheed Martin F-35A, and Saab Gripen E/F.
“With the request for best and final offer, each tenderer is requested to compile the information provided in the previous tenders and negotiations into a final and binding package,” it adds.
The Finnish parliament has already approved €9.4bn ($11.4bn) in funding to acquire replacements for the nation’s current F/A-18C/Ds.
“The HX options of each tenderer differ as to the costs of introduction into service, construction needs and integration into the defence system,” the logistics command says. “This is why each tenderer will be given a tenderer-specific price limit, and, in addition, a similar option will be included for each tenderer for later purchases and contractual changes. Therefore, the price ceiling set for each tenderer is about €9bn.”
Helsinki says it is using four criteria to judge the candidates: military capability; security of supply; industrial participation; and costs. “Security and defence policy implications will be assessed separately outside of the actual tendering process,” it adds.
Bids which pass an assessment process following the submission deadline will undergo a final capability assessment, “taking into account the packages offered and the capability values verified on the basis of testing events”. There will also be a “long-term war game to determine the operational efficiency of each candidate’s HX system”.
A type selection will be forwarded for government approval before year-end, with the new model due to enter service from 2025. (Source: News Now/Flight Global)
29 Jan 21. Boris Johnson reverses decision on new UK national security adviser. Brexit negotiator David Frost shifted into different role as Stephen Lovegrove is moved from Ministry of Defence. Boris Johnson on Friday reversed his decision to make David Frost, his chief Brexit negotiator, Britain’s new national security adviser, in a further sign of the prime minister remaking his Number 10 team. Lord Frost, who concluded the trade deal with the EU last month, will instead take up a different role as the prime minister’s “representative for Brexit and international policy”. Mr Johnson’s decision last year to make Lord Frost his national security adviser — even though the former diplomat had no expertise in the field — was seen as new evidence of Brexiters taking key positions in government. On Friday the prime minister announced that Stephen Lovegrove, permanent secretary at the Ministry of Defence since 2016, would instead take on the role of national security adviser. Stephen Lovegrove, the permanent secretary at the Ministry of Defence, will become Britain’s new national security adviser © Alamy Sir Stephen, a former banker with Deutsche, joins a new cadre of officials at the top of Mr Johnson’s government whose qualifications are based more on their executive qualities than their adherence to the Brexit creed.
He was originally appointed to the MoD to bring a financier’s focus to managing the defence budget, which was perceived as being out of control. In recent months Mr Johnson has appointed Simon Case, a former intelligence official, as cabinet secretary, and Daniel Rosenfield, a former Treasury official and investment banker, as his chief of staff. Lord Frost’s appointment as national security adviser had been promoted by leading Brexiter Dominic Cummings, the prime minister’s chief adviser who left Number 10 last year. It was seen as part of his so-called “war on the civil service”. Lord Frost was one of the few pro-Brexit diplomats in the Foreign Office. Senior Tory backbenchers had become increasingly concerned about Mr Cumming’s influence and following his departure have expressed relief that “grown ups” were joining Mr Johnson’s top team. However, supporters of Lord Frost say that the decision not to take up the NSA role, which he was supposed to start on Monday, was driven by his own preference for a wider ranging foreign policy role. Lord Frost will instead work in Number 10 leading work on post-Brexit relations with the EU; the trade deal he secured last December leaves many areas of work incomplete. He will also develop the prime minister’s “global Britain” agenda but will not become a minister. “He wants to be more focused on the foreign policy side,” said one ally of Lord Frost. One Brexiter in government said the decision not to take up the NSA role “was driven by Frosty”. But one former Whitehall official said Lord Frost’s appointment to the top security job was “never remotely serious”, adding that the prime minister’s change of heart was the start of a “long road back to sanity”. Mr Johnson said: “I am hugely grateful to Lord Frost for his Herculean efforts in securing a deal with the EU, and I am thrilled that he has agreed to be my representative for Brexit and international policy as we seize the opportunities from our departure from the EU.” Lord Frost said:
“With a new agreement with the EU in place, we have huge opportunities to boost our wealth and define what we stand for as a country internationally, and I very much look forward to supporting the prime minister on this.” Recommended Brussels Briefing UK finds itself backed into a corner in diplomat row with Brussels Premium Peter Ricketts, who was national security adviser under David Cameron, welcomed the appointment of a civil servant as opposed to a political adviser as NSA. He said that even if Sir Stephen had not worked within the intelligence services, he would have been “deeply involved” with security processes over the past five years at MoD. “He would have become a very well-known face around the national security community, of which the MoD is such a big part,” Lord Ricketts said. Ciaran Martin, who stepped down last year as head of the National Cyber Security Centre, a branch of GCHQ, said Sir Stephen’s three years as permanent secretary at the Department of Energy and Climate Change was also “pretty useful” for a modern NSA, because of the increasing focus on energy security and the impact of climate change on national security. Kim Darroch, former national security adviser, said Sir Stephen was “an excellent choice”. As permanent secretary at the MoD, Sir Stephen was instrumental in winning an additional £16.5bn for the defence budget in last year’s spending review. (Source: FT.com)
29 Jan 21. NGO Action on Armed Violence Claims UK Approves Military Exports to 80% of Countries on Own Restricted List. The U.K.-based non-governmental organization, Action on Armed Violence, has published an analysis claiming that the U.K. government approves military exports to 80% of countries on its own embargoed, sanctioned or trade restricted list in just over five years. The report documents that of the 73 destinations that the UK’s Department for International Trade (DIT) lists as “subject to arms embargo, trade sanctions, and other trade restrictions”, 58 have had approval to receive goods that fall under ‘military use exports’ between January 2015 and June 2020. The report states that more than than 4,800 licences have been approved in that time, worth some £2.6bn of military-use exports to the 58 trade-restricted countries. A majority (69%) of these licenses were for the exportation of high-value items such as aircraft, helicopters, and drones. But flying under the radar are £300m-plus worth of approved sales of small arms, explosives and crowd control equipment, going to dozens of nations on the DIT’s embargoed and restricted list. Countries face trade restrictions on UK weapon exports for a number of reasons. Some are subject to specific UN or EU embargoes, such as Libya, Belarus, and China. Others are under regional restrictions, like the Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons embargo signed by the 15-nation Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). A few are UK-specific – for example, a prohibition on any exports to the Argentine military. In all cases, inclusion on the 73-strong list signals the UK government’s distrust of the security or human rights situation of that country. Despite such signaling, arms export licenses have been issued to 14 countries from the DIT’s restricted list that also feature on the 30-strong Foreign Office (FCDO) “Human rights priority countries” list. The line between the UK condemning a country for its human rights (Source: glstrade.com)
27 Jan 21. New Pentagon chief praises Germany for hosting U.S. troops, reversing Trump’s tack. New U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin praised Germany for hosting U.S. troops in a call with his German counterpart on Wednesday, fueling speculation that President Joe Biden could overturn a drawdown ordered by his predecessor Donald Trump.
Austin plans to carry out a global review of U.S. troop positioning, which would include Trump’s order last year to eventually withdraw about a third of the 34,000-strong U.S. troop contingent in Germany.
Trump, declaring that “We don’t want to be the suckers any more,” faulted the close U.S. ally for failing to meet NATO’s defense spending target and accused it of taking advantage of the United States on trade.
Austin took a different tack.
“Secretary Austin expressed his gratitude to Germany for continuing to serve as a great host for U.S. forces,” the Pentagon said in a statement following Austin’s call with German Defense Minister Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer.
Under Trump’s withdrawal plan, just under 6,000 of the roughly 12,000 U.S. troops withdrawing from Germany would reposition to the Black Sea region and some could temporarily deploy in waves to the Baltics.
Other forces leaving Germany would permanently move to Italy and the U.S. military’s European headquarters would relocate from Stuttgart, Germany, to Belgium.
The Trump pullout caught Germany off guard.
A U.S. official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said Austin assured Kramp-Karrenbauer that whatever the United States did in the future, it would do it in consultation with Germany.
While in office Trump attacked Germany repeatedly. Biden, who took office last week, and German Chancellor Angela Merkel on Monday underscored the need for cooperation on global challenges including the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Pentagon said Austin also spoke with Kramp-Karrenbauer about “force posture in Afghanistan and Iraq, and combating the malign influence of our shared strategic rivals.”
German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas spoke with new U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken on Wednesday and agreed to cooperate on issues including China and Iran’s nuclear capacity, the German Foreign Ministry said in a tweet.
26 Jan 21. Reiterating the UK’s full support for the Secretary-General’s call for a global ceasefire. Statement by UK Ambassador Barbara Woodward at Security Council briefing on resolution 2532 on Covid-19
Thank you, Mr. President. May I start by thanking you for calling this debate. The United Kingdom reiterates its full support for the Secretary-General’s call for a global ceasefire and the implementation of the commitments under resolution 2532.
Sadly, as we’ve heard, despite a global pandemic of historic proportions, peacebuilding has not always been afforded the priority it deserves. There has indeed been some progress, but implementation of the resolution continues to be mixed, as the following three examples illustrate.
In Yemen, as we’ve heard, the Houthis failed to reciprocate the Saudi-led coalition’s unilateral ceasefire offers in 2020, and the recent Houthi attack on Aden has gravely undercut peace efforts. Now is the time to rally round the UN Special Envoys efforts to secure a lasting political solution to the conflict. The stakes have never been higher and the humanitarian crisis, already the world’s worst, is significantly worsening with the effects of Covid-19. In September the Foreign Secretary warned that Yemen had never looked more likely to slide into famine. According to the latest Integrated Food Security Phase Classification data, published in 2020, 16,500 Yemenis were living in famine conditions, now set to almost triple to forty seven thousand by June 2021.
Second, in South-Sudan, sustained increases in violence throughout 2020, combined with record flooding, mean areas of the country now likely face famine or famine-like conditions. This is a catastrophe that the government of South-Sudan must urgently address with international support. The 2018 peace deal remains the best chance of an end to violence and longer-term stability. However, implementation has stagnated. As such, greater coordinated international and regional pressure is needed on the government of South-Sudan to ensure they deliver their commitments.
More encouragingly, we welcome the signing of the Juba Peace Agreement on the 3rd of October 2020 by the government of Sudan, the Sudan Revolutionary Front and Sudan Liberation Movement, Minni Minawi. This is a crucial step towards comprehensive peace. But despite this progress, significant challenges remain here too, including intercommunal violence. The violence that occurred recently in West and South Darfur highlights the continued need for protection of civilians, which full implementation of the Juba Peace Agreement could help provide for. We encourage the signatories of the agreement to begin swiftly the process of implementation, particularly those provisions of the agreement pertaining to security arrangements and addressing the root causes of conflict. We also urge all those who remain outside the peace negotiations to engage immediately and constructively without preconditions.
As we’ve heard throughout 2020, we sadly saw the voices of women sidelined in peace processes. This is a grave problem, not just morally, but also because peace is more sustainable when it meets and reflects the needs of all people, men and women. The UK strongly urges the full, equal and meaningful participation of women and of youth, religious groups and NGOs in peacebuilding. And we must ensure women are able to carry out their work free from threats and violence. No woman should have to risk her safety to heal her community.
Finally, as we know, the Covid-19 pandemic threatens international peace and security. Ending the pandemic requires equitable global access to vaccines. Yet there are particular barriers to vaccine delivery in contexts affected by conflict and insecurity. We welcome the initiative of the Tunisian presidency to do more at this critical time. And building on resolution 2532 the United Kingdom will convene a meeting in our presidency next month to address potential barriers to vaccine access such as ceasefires, logistics and funding for delivery. Thank you, Mr President. (Source: https://www.gov.uk/)
26 Jan 21. Spanish Eurofighters arrive in Romania for first deployment in support of NATO. A detachment of Spanish Air Force (Ejército del Aire Español: EdAE) Eurofighter combat aircraft and support staff arrived at Mihail Koglaniceanu Air Base on 25 January, marking the service’s first operational deployment to Romania in support of NATO. Spanish Eurofighters arrive at Mihail Koglaniceanu Air Base, Romania, on 25 January. They will fly through to the end of March in support of NATO’s Southern Air Policing mission. NATO Allied Air Command.
Six EdAE Eurofighters and 130 personnel arrived at the base on Romania’s Black Sea coast, from where they will perform NATO’s Southern Air Policing mission through to the end of March.
“This is the first time that Spain has sent [its] fighters to the southeast of NATO’s territory to support the alliance’s deterrence and defence measures,” NATO’s Allied Air Command said.
The Southern Air Policing mission, which includes Bulgarian airspace also, is part of NATO’s Enhanced Air Policing (EAP) mission that was introduced in 2015 in the wake of Russia’s invasion and annexation of Crimea and its military activities in eastern Ukraine. Further to this particular mission, NATO conducts EAP missions in Albania; the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania; Iceland; Slovenia; and the BENELUX nations of Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
Controlled by Headquarters Air Command (HQ AIRCOM), located in Ramstein, Germany, the EAP missions are directed by one of two Combined Air Operation Centres (CAOCs). Those missions based north of an imaginary line that transects Europe along the Alps are directed by the CAOC at Uedem in Germany, while those located south of this line (including the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea) are directed by the CAOC at Torrejon in Spain. (Source: Jane’s)
26 Jan 21. New legislation to help ensure fair treatment for armed forces. New legislation to help ensure armed forces personnel, veterans and their families are not disadvantaged by their service when accessing key public services.
- the Armed Forces Bill will enshrine the Armed Forces Covenant in law and help prevent service personnel and veterans being disadvantaged when accessing services like healthcare, education and housing
- the Bill will improve the Service Justice System for our personnel wherever they are operating.
New legislation to help ensure armed forces personnel, veterans and their families are not disadvantaged by their service when accessing key public services will be introduced in the House of Commons on the today (26 January 2021).
The Armed Forces Bill will embed the Armed Forces Covenant into law by introducing a legal duty for relevant UK public bodies to have due regard to the principles of the Covenant, a pledge to ensure the UK Armed Forces community is treated fairly.
Focusing on healthcare, housing and education, it will increase awareness among public bodies of the unique nature of military service, improving the level of service for members of the armed forces community, no matter where in the UK they live.
Defence Secretary Ben Wallace said, “For the first time ever we are putting into law the Armed Forces Covenant. This will break new ground, ensuring we live up to the principles of the Covenant and treating all UK Armed Forces personnel, veterans and their families with fairness.”
It builds on progress we have already made, helping veterans into work through our guaranteed interview scheme, supporting service families with childcare, and providing personnel with more choice of accommodation.
Minister for Defence People and Veterans Johnny Mercer said:
More than 6,000 businesses, charities and public organisations have already pledged to support veterans, service personnel and their families by signing the Armed Forces Covenant. This a fantastic feat and has changed lives up and down the country.
Today, we are going further still to help ensure all personnel across the UK have equal access to vital services like healthcare, education and housing. This is no less than those who have risked their lives defending this country deserve.
Since the launch of the Armed Forces Covenant in 2011, many businesses have committed to offering part-time or flexible working patterns to reservists, military spouses and partners. Many have also pledged to offer free training and to actively recruit veterans.
Enshrining the Covenant in law also builds on a number of initiatives implemented over the last year to support service leavers and veterans. These include the Defence Transition Services organisation which was established to assist those facing the greatest difficulties successfully transition to civilian life after leaving service. 800 GP practices in England are also now accredited as veteran friendly. This helps doctors provide extra support to ex-military personnel who may face additional challenges when returning to civilian life.
Maintaining the effectiveness of the Service Justice System
The Bill will also help deliver a series of improvements to the Service Justice System, ensuring personnel have a clear, fair and effective route to justice wherever they are operating. These include:
- providing clearer guidance for prosecutors on how serious crimes committed by service personnel in the UK should be handled, placing a Duty on the Director of Service Prosecutions and the Director of Public Prosecutions to agree a protocol where there is concurrent jurisdiction to provide clearer guidance to assist those independent decisions
- creating an independent body to oversee complaints, overseen by a Service Police Complaints Commissioner who will ensure there is an independent line of redress if someone is dissatisfied with the outcome of a complaint
- making the complaints system more efficient by bringing the time given to personnel to lodge an appeal in line with timings offered in the private sector.
Other measures in the Bill
- the Bill will also renew the Armed Forces Act 2006, following the Armed Forces Acts of 2011 and 2016
- as well as strengthening the Service Justice System and Armed Forces Covenant, the Armed Forces Bill will provide flexible working for Reserves and extend posthumous pardons for those convicted of abolished service offences. (Source: https://www.gov.uk/)
25 Jan 21. Greece and France ink $3bn contract for Rafale fighter jets. The Greek and French defense ministers in Athens today witnessed the signature of the contract to buy 18 Rafale fighter aircraft after Greek parliamentarians approved the €2.5bn ($3.04bn) deal earlier this month.
Nikos Panagiotopoulos and his French counterpart, Florence Parly, looked on whilst Theodoros Lagios, the director general of armaments and investments at the Greek Ministry of Defense, and Eric Trappier, chairman and CEO of Dassault Aviation, the aircraft manufacturer, signed the contract for 12 second-hand aircraft, which will be taken out of the French Air Force inventory, and six new ones. The contract includes the aircraft’s weapons. A second contract was signed for the logistical support of the aircraft.
Speaking after the signing ceremony, Parly remarked how pleased she was that Greece had made a “resolutely European choice” by opting for the French-made aircraft, thus becoming Dassault’s first European export customer.
Six of the second-hand aircraft will be delivered at a rate of one a month starting this July, with the six new aircraft delivered in spring 2022 and the last six used aircraft delivered in early 2023.
The logistical support contract will support the Greek Rafales for four and a half years, “maintaining the availability of equipment and systems at the highest level,” according to a Dassault Aviation statement.
Trappier and Parly both stressed the special partnership between France and Greece. Parly said, “The quality of the cooperation between France and Greece is particularly visible in the Mediterranean,” where both countries have undertaken bilateral and multilateral exercises over the past few months. “This cooperation [….] is essential to ensure the security of the European continent, to ensure that the law and the freedom to circulate are respected,” she added.
According to Greek media reports Parly was also expected to discuss the sale of Belharra frigates, made by France’s Naval Group, as the export version of the FDI medium-sized frigates built for the French Navy. (Source: Defense News)
25 Jan 21. Team MOSQUITO developing the RAF’s Lightweight Affordable Novel Combat Aircraft (LANCA) concept. £30m injection for UK’s first uncrewed fighter aircraft. The UK’s first fleet of uncrewed fighter aircraft is one step closer to reality following a £30m contract to design and manufacture a prototype in a three-year deal supporting more than 100 jobs in Belfast.
The uncrewed combat aircraft will be designed to fly at high-speed alongside fighter jets, armed with missiles, surveillance and electronic warfare technology to provide a battle-winning advantage over hostile forces. Known as a ‘loyal wingman’, these aircraft will be the UK’s first uncrewed platforms able to target and shoot down enemy aircraft and survive against surface to air missiles.
In a boost for Northern Ireland’s defence industry, Spirit AeroSystems, Belfast, have been selected to lead Team MOSQUITO in the next phase of the Project. Utilising ground-breaking engineering techniques, the team will further develop the RAF’s Lightweight Affordable Novel Combat Aircraft (LANCA) concept, with a full-scale vehicle flight-test programme expected by the end of 2023.
Northern Ireland Secretary, Brandon Lewis said, “This is fantastic news and underlines the distinct strengths in Northern Ireland’s economy, through its advanced engineering and manufacturing capabilities. This ground-breaking project will involve significant investment which will not only support local employment, but also reinforce Northern Ireland’s contribution to the security of our nation.”
Team MOSQUITO, which also includes Northrop Grumman UK, will mature the designs and manufacture a technology demonstrator to generate evidence for a follow-on LANCA programme. If successful, Project Mosquito’s findings could lead to this revolutionary capability being deployed alongside the Typhoon and F-35 Lightning jets by the end of the decade.
Northrop Grumman in the UK is the key partner, providing model-based systems engineering and agile engineering expertise. The company will also integrate its Advanced Mission Management (AMM) and Airborne Communication Node technologies to enable seamless human-machine collaboration and cooperative mission management across distributed manned and unmanned assets.
Defence Minister, Jeremy Quin said, “This is a great win for the Northern Ireland defence industry and will showcase some of the most pioneering engineering work currently being undertaken in the UK. The £30m project will accelerate the development of the UK’s future air power by delivering cutting-edge uncrewed aircraft, maintaining our position as a world leader in emerging technologies.”
Working with innovative partners from across the UK, Project Mosquito is transforming traditional approaches to combat air to enable the rapid development of technology. By utilising the latest software development techniques and civilian aerospace engineering and manufacturing expertise, the project will deliver dramatic reductions in costs and development timelines, so their innovations can reach the front-line quicker than ever before.
This game changing research and development project will ensure the final aircraft design will be capable of being easily and affordably updated with the latest technology so we remain one step ahead of our adversaries. The aircraft’s flexibility will provide the optimum protection, survivability and information as it flies alongside Typhoon, F-35 Lightning, and later, Tempest as part of our future combat air system.
Air Chief Marshal Mike Wigston, Chief of the Air Staff said, “We’re taking a revolutionary approach, looking at a game-changing mix of swarming drones and uncrewed fighter aircraft like Mosquito, alongside piloted fighters like Tempest, that will transform the combat battlespace in a way not seen since the advent of the jet age.”
Director Future Combat Air, Richard Berthon said, “Project Mosquito is a vital element of our approach to Future Combat Air, rapidly bringing to life design, build and test skills for next generation combat air capabilities. Autonomous ‘loyal wingman’ aircraft create the opportunity to expand, diversify and rapidly upgrade Combat Air Forces in a cost-effective way, now and in the future.”
As announced by the Prime Minister in November 2020, the UK’s Future Combat Air System (FCAS) programme is set to benefit from a portion of the extra £1.5bn investment into military research and development, which will help ensure our Armed Forces are prepared to meet the threats of tomorrow.
LANCA originated in 2015 in Dstl to understand innovative Combat Air technologies and concepts that offer radical reductions in cost and development time and is a RAF Rapid Capabilities Office led project under the Future Combat Air System Technology Initiative (FCAS TI). The UK MOD’s Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) provides the project management and is the MOD’s technical authority for LANCA and Project Mosquito on behalf of the RCO. (Source: https://www.gov.uk/)
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