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01 Dec 23. New Impetus for Military Cooperation Between Germany and the Netherlands. Germany and the Netherlands are giving a new impetus to the further development of their defense cooperation. Dutch Defense Minister Kajsa Ollongren and her German colleague Boris Pistorius today renewed the so-called Declaration of Intent (DoI) at the Berlin Security conference.
By signing the new DoI, the Netherlands and Germany are not only strengthening their ties but are also contributing to further strengthen European resilience. And not unimportant: both countries thus ensure a higher degree of interoperability and standardization.
According to Ollongren, European security is a shared responsibility. “To make wise investments, European countries must buy supplies, maintain equipment and train together. And buy European where possible. We need to replenish our supplies: ammunition and equipment. The production capacity of the European defense industry must be increased,” she said.
The production capacity of the European defense industry must be increased, the minister believes.
Don’t look away
The minister believes that cooperation between the German and Dutch armed forces is an example for the rest of Europe. “The integration of three Dutch army brigades into German divisions is unique. It ensures our interoperability, operational effectiveness and cost savings.”
Ollongren calls it a necessity for other European countries to follow this example. “No country can tackle today’s threats alone. We cannot look away from what is happening in the world. A strong Europe is of the utmost importance for our security.” The minister is therefore pleased with the joint plans to facilitate the European production of Patriot missiles in Germany.
EU ministers two weeks ago called on banks to increase their investments in the defense industry.
Support to Ukraine
Germany and the Netherlands have been the catalyst for European support for Ukraine from day one. Together they supplied Leopard tanks, armored howitzers and Patriot air defense systems. The Netherlands has pledged more than €2 billion in military aid by 2024. Germany is doubling its military support to Ukraine.
As an example of support for Ukraine, Minister Ollongren today mentioned the EU training mission EUMAM. Last week, she visited Lehnin with Armed Forces Chief General Onno Eichelsheim, where one of the training locations is housed. German and Dutch troops are working together there to prepare their Ukrainian allies for their fight for freedom.
Major conference
The BSC is one of the largest security and defense policy conferences in Europe. The Behörden Spiegel, a monthly newspaper for public services in Germany, organized the conference for the 22nd time this year.
(Unofficial translation by Defense-Aerospace.com) (Source: https://www.defense-aerospace.com/ Netherlands Ministry of Defense; issued Nov 30, 2023)
01 Dec 23. Joint Expeditionary Force Deploys Ships to Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Danish Straits.
Sweden to Take Part in JEF Activity to Protect Critical Infrastructure in Baltic Sea. Damage to cables and pipelines in the Baltic Sea has been discovered recently on multiple occasions. The Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF) will increase its presence to help improve protection of critical underwater infrastructure in the region. Sweden will provide two corvettes.
The JEF is a defence partnership between ten northern European countries. Sweden has taken part since 2017.
“It is of strategic importance that the JEF increases its presence in the Baltic Sea and the North Atlantic in light of the threats to critical underwater infrastructure. The JEF is a swift and flexible framework that is well-suited to help address those threats. The JEF countries are united, coordinated and ready to act,” says Minister for Defence Pål Jonson.
Mr Jonson took part in the digital meeting of JEF defence ministers on 28 November, where it was decided to activate a so-called JEF Joint Response Option and increase JEF presence in the Baltic Sea and the North Atlantic.
The activity will take place on 1–15 December and complement NATO’s ongoing activities in the Baltic Sea.
(Source: https://www.defense-aerospace.com/ Swedish Government)
30 Nov 23. Surpassing NATO guidelines: Estonia’s defence sees unprecedented surge. Unveiling a decade-long strategy, Estonia sets the stage for its military, surpassing NATO guidelines.
Estonia’s response to heightened regional threats has propelled the nation into a new era of defence, with a commitment that exceeds NATO guidelines, reaching an anticipated $1.3bn (€1.2bn) defence budget by 2028.
A detailed strategy, as outlined in GlobalData’s “Estonia Defense Market 2023-2028” report, showcases a multifaceted approach bolstering the Army, Naval, and Air Force capabilities.
Estonia is set to elevate its defence budget to unprecedented heights, anticipating a surge from the current $1.1bn in 2023 to $1.3bn by 2028, as revealed by GlobalData’s “Estonia Defense Market 2023-2028” report. This surpasses NATO’s 2% GDP spending guideline, emphasising Estonia’s commitment to fortifying its sovereignty amid escalating regional tensions, mainly from Russia.
In response to growing concerns, Estonia’s parliament has passed bills that exceed NATO’s spending expectations and commit to at least 3% GDP defence spending for 2023-2028. The nation is on track to surpass this goal, reaching closer to 4% of GDP spending. This financial commitment reflects a sustained dedication to security amidst geopolitical challenges.
The allocation of the defence budget underlines a strategic focus on modernisation, cyber resilience, coastal defence, and long-range weapons. Key acquisitions include the M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS), K9 Thunder procurement, and advancements in unmanned aerial vehicles. Estonia’s defence doctrine, emphasising “total defence,” signifies a national mobilisation strategy in response to foreign aggression.
Estonia’s defence strategy intertwines with key geopolitical alliances. As a NATO member since 2004, the nation places importance on collaborative efforts within the coalition, particularly in the face of increased Russian aggression. A pivotal moment came with the Security of Supply Arrangement (SOSA) signed in October 2023, fostering bilateral defence industrial cooperation with the United States.
Furthermore, Estonia extends its defence stance beyond NATO, fostering alliances with the European Union (EU) and Pan-Baltic cooperation with Latvia and Lithuania. These efforts contribute to a multifaceted defence strategy, emphasising collective security in the face of shared regional threats.
Estonia’s unveiling of a ten-year development plan complements this financial commitment, propelling the nation into a new era of defence with a specific focus on missiles, armoured vehicles, artillery systems, and military UAVs.
Despite challenges like an underdeveloped domestic defence industry and budget constraints, Estonia invests in key growth sectors, including missiles, military land vehicles, artillery systems, and unmanned aerial vehicles. Strategic collaborations with the European Defense Agency (EDA) and an openness to foreign direct investment position Estonia for a new military strength and resilience era. (Source: army-technology.com)
30 Nov 23. Give us orders not just targets, arms firms tell Europe. European defence industry leaders called on Thursday for more firm orders to help them respond to pressure for increases in capacity to meet war demand in Ukraine and other security needs.
The ASD aerospace, security and defence association, which lobbies for the industry in Brussels, said ramping up defence capacity required long-term planning and more tangible co-operation with the European Union and national governments.
“Ukraine has been a wake-up call for the European industry and many countries are spending a lot more on defence than we used to,” Micael Johansson, CEO of Sweden’s Saab (SAABb.ST) and vice-chairman of the ASD association, said.
“We have to restart production of ammunition and weapons systems that we haven’t done for a very long time and that requires a whole ecosystem … which is really a challenge,” he said on the sidelines of an annual industry meeting.
“This is a huge investment and we cannot in the industry do that only on our own,” he told reporters.
Thierry Breton, the EU commissioner for industry, has said arms companies are making progress in ramping up production.
But Johansson said he could not predict when it would be able to meet an EU target of boosting annual output of 155-millimetre shells, a key element in Ukraine’s growing war of attrition against Russia, to 1 million rounds a year.
EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen told a separate meeting of the European Defence Agency on Thursday that Europe would be able to produce 1 million ammunition rounds next year.
German Defence Minister Boris Pistorius said earlier this month that a separate target of supplying Ukraine with 1 million artillery shells and missiles by next March would not be met.
Johannson also voiced concerns about the proportion of Europe’s increased defence budgets being spent on buying weapons from the United States.
Ukraine’s urgent need for arms following last year’s Russian invasion, which Moscow calls a special military operation, has sparked a debate over how much Europe should bridge a gap in its own defence capacity with imports from the global market.
“It might in the short term be a good decision to buy things from outside the EU, but it will not give the return on investment for taxpayers…if we continue in that way,” Johannson said.
Turning to other geopolitical pressures, Airbus (AIR.PA) CEO Guillaume Faury, who chairs the ASD association, said tensions between the U.S. and China had kept traffic between the world’s two largest economies to just 10% of pre-COVID levels.
But with air travel broadly back to pre-pandemic levels worldwide, demand for jets is outstripping supply, which is held back by ongoing problems in the industry supply chain, he said.
The ASD said earlier that European aerospace and defence employment had returned to pre-pandemic levels of just under a million jobs.
Labour shortages have been a pressing concern since the COVID-19 crisis, as the industry ramps up to meet resurgent air travel demand and growing security challenges. (Source: Reuters)
28 Nov 23. Britain to send seven Royal Navy ships to patrol areas with undersea cables. Britain said on Thursday it will send seven Royal Navy ships and a maritime patrol aircraft to take part in Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF) patrols of areas with vulnerable undersea infrastructure next month. Europe and NATO have become increasingly concerned about the vulnerability of critical infrastructure around and under the Baltic Sea. JEF, a 10-nation military alliance of northern European countries, is focused on security in the High North, North Atlantic and Baltic Sea region. Last month, Sweden said a Baltic Sea telecom cable connecting Sweden and Estonia was damaged at roughly the same time as a Finnish-Estonian pipeline and cable. That followed explosions in September 2022 that ruptured the Nord Stream pipelines under the Baltic Sea and cut Europe’s supply of Russian gas.
“The UK and our JEF partners will do whatever it takes to defend our mutual areas of interest, and today’s display of unshakeable unity sends a powerful message of deterrence that we stand ready to meet any potential threat with force,” British Defence Secretary Grant Shapps said.
Britain said it will contribute six Royal Navy warships, a Royal Fleet Auxiliary ship, and a Royal Air Force maritime patrol aircraft to the JEF deployment to “patrol areas most vulnerable to interference, conduct surveillance operations, and act as a deterrent force against potential threats”.
Vessels will be spaced to cover a wide area from the Channel to the Baltic Sea, it added. (Source: Reuters)
29 Nov 23. UK Special Envoy calls for politicians to deliver for all the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The UK Prime Minister’s Special Envoy for the Western Balkans Lord Stuart Peach paid a visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) from 26 to 29 November 2023. Lord Peach began with a visit to the Srebrenica Memorial Centre where he heard about the Centre’s efforts to create a long lasting, world renowned place of research and history. In his meeting with young people working at the Memorial Centre he emphasised the vital role of this institution in ‘helping all of us to understand what happened, how to explain it, how to build dialogue and how to learn lessons to prevent any repeat’.
In Sarajevo, Lord Peach met with a range of government and non-governmental representatives, as well as the representatives of the International Community including Commander of the EUFOR General Major Habermayer and the Head of the EU Delegation/EUSR Sattler. In separate calls with BiH Presidency Chairman Zeljko Komsic and member Denis Becirovic, he reiterated the UK’s continued support to BiH’s Euro-Atlantic path and to BiH efforts towards greater security, stability and prosperity for all. In conversation with Mayor Karic and the Sarajevo City Assembly Speaker Jasmin Ademovic Lord Peach welcomed their initiative to support victims of GBV across the country and to promote greater protection for vulnerable groups.
At the conclusion of his visit, Lord Peach noted the experience and commitment to the country’s progress shown by civil society and some political leaders. He encouraged his interlocutors to remain committed to constructive cooperation, dialogue and compromise, as the only way to deliver for citizens.
Lord Peach reflected on his visit saying: “As I depart from my visit to BiH, I urge all in government to continue the positive momentum for all citizens. In our disturbed world, now more than ever, we should work together on our values and a better future. Not to give in and join in ethnic division, hate speech and those who revel in the past. The young people of this country deserve a better future.” (Source: https://www.gov.uk/)
30 Nov 23. Readout of Deputy Secretary of Defense Dr. Kathleen Hicks’ Meeting with U.K. Permanent Under Secretary for the Ministry of Defence David Williams at the U.S.-UK Defense Dialogue.
Pentagon Spokesman Eric Pahon provided the following readout:
Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathleen Hicks and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Adm. Christopher Grady attended the U.S.-UK Defense Dialogue with their UK counterparts, Permanent Under Secretary for Defence Mr. David Williams and Vice Chief of the Defence Staff Gen. Gwyn Jenkins, yesterday in London. Among the topics the leaders discussed were U.S. and UK strategic guidances, Euro-Atlantic security, Indo-Pacific security, and the AUKUS trilateral partnership.
The dialogue also included discussion of the UK Integrated Review Refresh, U.S. National Defense Strategy, and Joint Warfighting Concept. The leaders addressed the acute threat Russia poses — evidenced by its unprovoked invasion of Ukraine — as well as sustaining and strengthening deterrence and the U.S. National Defense Strategy’s focus on the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as the United States’ pacing challenge.
Deputy Secretary Hicks noted that the US and UK share an approach to confront Russian aggression while working to address the challenges posed by the PRC.
She also reiterated the priority that the U.S. Department of Defense places on close, continued collaboration with Allies and partners. She also emphasized the importance of these relationships to our collective ability to address shared security concerns.
“We’re supporting our Indo-Pacific allies and partners as they invest in their own strength, in their relationships with each-other, and in their relationships with the U.S.,” said Deputy Secretary Hicks. “The game-changing AUKUS initiative is a key part of our work on deepening our alliances and partnerships across the region.”
The leaders also discussed efforts to increase defense industry production and implementation of the AUKUS trilateral partnership, to include export controls and information sharing.
Deputy Secretary Hicks noted that the 2022 National Defense Strategy highlighted the importance of a robust and resilient Defense Industrial Base, which is being addressed via the National Defense Industrial Strategy- a framework for DoD action and engagement to build a robust, resilient, and modernized Defense Industrial Base.
All leaders committed to deepening the U.S.-UK special relationship and continuing to make progress toward addressing shared concerns.
The last U.S.-UK defense dialogue was held at the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., on May 12, 2023. (Source: U.S. DoD)
30 Nov 23. Defence Secretary sends Royal Navy destroyer east of Suez to safeguard security in the Gulf. HMS Diamond has set sail to bolster UK naval forces across the Middle East. HMS Diamond is en route to join Operation Kipion, the UK’s maritime presence in the Gulf and the Indian Ocean, the Defence Secretary has announced.
As a powerful demonstration of the UK’s commitment to regional security, the Type 45 Destroyer will bolster the UK’s naval presence in the Gulf and work to deter escalations from malign and hostile actors who seek to disrupt maritime security.
The Type 45 destroyer will conduct operations to ensure freedom of navigation in the region, reassure merchant vessels and ensure the safe flow of trade. She will join HMS Lancaster, which deployed to the region last year, as well as three mine hunters and a Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) support ship.
Defence Secretary Grant Shapps said: “Recent events have proven how critical the Middle East remains to global security and stability.”
From joint efforts to deter escalation, following the onset of the renewed conflict in Israel and Gaza, to now the unlawful and brazen seizure of MV Galaxy Leader by the Houthis in the Red Sea – it is critical that the UK bolsters our presence in the region, to keep Britain and our interests safe from a more volatile and contested world.
Today’s deployment will strengthen the Royal Navy’s patrols, help to keep critical trade routes open and prove that our commitment to regional security not only endures but enhances.
Her deployment follows increasing concerns over maritime security at narrow sea trade routes worldwide, known as chokepoints. The ship is part of the UK’s commitment to supporting security in the region and the global maritime commons.
Operation Kipion is the UK’s long-standing maritime presence in the Gulf and the Indian Ocean. In addition to HMS Lancaster, a squadron of three mine hunting vessels (HMS Bangor, HMS Chiddingfold, and HMS Middleton) and a Royal Fleet Auxiliary support ship (RFA Cardigan Bay) are also deployed as part of the operation, helping to keep the vital trade routes of the Middle East open for business.
Royal Navy vessels have been permanently deployed to the region since 1980 and have fallen under Operation Kipion since 2011. Under the command of the UK Maritime Component Command (UKMCC) in Bahrain, they work with allies and partners across the region, including under the Combined Maritime Forces partnership.
HMS Diamond is deploying with a Wildcat helicopter onboard, a highly capable aircraft which has been central to HMS Lancaster’s activities since its deployment in 2022, including when it seized substantial quantities of illegal drugs and intercepted weapons being smuggled in international waters.
The additional deployment of HMS Diamond, one of the Royal Navy’s most advanced vessels, will significantly bolster international efforts to protect maritime security in the region.
The waters of the Gulf are vital routes for merchant shipping, including for tankers carrying much of the UK’s supply of liquefied natural gas. Around 50 large merchant ships each day pass through the Bab-el-Mandeb, connecting the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden, while around 115 major merchant ships pass through the Strait of Hormuz. (Source: https://www.gov.uk/)
29 Nov 23. UK’s defence spending surges despite economic slowdown.
Britain is witnessing military modernisation across the army, navy, and air forces amidst global challenges. In the face of economic challenges, the UK demonstrates commitment to defence by investing in the Army, Navy, and Air Force. GlobalData’s latest report unveils trends shaping the future of the nation’s military capabilities.
Amidst economic uncertainties, the United Kingdom stands resolute in bolstering its defence capabilities, as highlighted in GlobalData’s recent report, “The UK Defense Market 2023-2028.” The nation’s commitment to a robust defence strategy is evident despite challenges such as the economic slowdown and the enduring impact of the Covid-19 pandemic.
GlobalData’s “The UK Defense Market 2023-2028” report underscores the UK’s sustained increase in defence spending, with a notable focus on the Army, Naval, and Air Force. The Integrated Review of 2021, the largest since the Cold War, set the stage for ongoing investments, including eight new Type 26 frigates, five Type 31s, and an expansion of Trident nuclear warheads.
Noteworthy initiatives outlined in the report include the Future Combat Air System program for a sixth-generation fighter, alongside the continued procurement of the F-35. In response to the lessons learned from recent high-intensity conflicts, the UK is enhancing fundamental warfighting capabilities, introducing the Challenger 3 as the new Main Battle Tank for the Army.
Despite the economic challenges posed by the pandemic recovery, energy insecurity, and sustained inflation, the UK’s defence spending is forecasted to grow from $66.3bn in 2024 to $80.4bn in 2028, with a compound annual growth rate of 4.9%. This commitment aligns with the nation’s ambitions and international obligations, including increased defence presence in the Asia-Pacific through the AUKUS pact.
The “UK Defense Market 2023-2028” report sheds light on the evolving defence budget breakdown, with acquisitions covering procurement and Research and Development (R&D) becoming the largest share, projected to reach 39.8% by 2028. Meanwhile, personnel spending is expected to decrease gradually, reflecting a broader trend of increased spending per soldier and on platforms.
Key drivers of defence expenditure outlined in the report include NATO and European security concerns, heightened by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The UK’s commitment to military aid for Ukraine underscores its dedication to maintaining military readiness and capabilities in response to evolving geopolitical threats.
International tensions, nuclear proliferation, and acquiring new capabilities shape the UK’s defence landscape. The emphasis on emerging technologies such as cyber, space, AI, and unmanned systems reflects the nation’s forward-looking approach to modern warfare.
The report includes insights into the UK’s military doctrine and strategy, emphasising a commitment to collective security and integrated Western defence. The Integrated Review of 2023 identifies key trends, including shifts in global power, inter-state competition, technological change, and transnational challenges.
The UK’s defence spending signals a determined stance facing global uncertainties. As the nation navigates geopolitical dynamics, investments in Army, Naval, and Air Force capabilities show a commitment to safeguarding national interests and contributing to global security.
(Source: army-technology.com)
28 Nov 23. Joint statement by Joint Expeditionary Force ministers, November 2023. Defence Secretary Grant Shapps met virtually with ministers from Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF) and agreed to activate a JEF Response option.
Today, the Defence Ministers of the Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF) agreed to activate a JEF Response Option. This includes Maritime and Air capabilities which will deploy across the JEF’s core region as a military contribution to the protection of critical undersea infrastructure. The activity will take place in early December and will ensure a security presence, strengthening our common efforts with NATO in the Baltic Sea region. The JEF is determined to enhance its preparedness in supporting the JEF Nations to protect their Critical National Infrastructure.
Throughout 2023, the JEF has developed a series of JEF Response Options, designed to deter, and defend our region from threats and establish how we can quickly respond to crises. This marks the first time a JEF Response Option has been activated. It provides a tangible demonstration of the JEF as a credible contributor to security in Northern Europe and a powerful message of our ability and commitment to bolstering the security of our critical undersea infrastructure and deterrence of hybrid threats. By co-operating through the JEF we are able to find collaborative solutions to common regional security challenges, in line with the JEF Vision published at the JEF Leaders’ Summit in Sweden on 13 October. (Source: https://www.gov.uk/)
28 Nov 23. Huge increase in UK defence exports, hitting £11.2bn in 2022.
Export values in 2021 were £6.6bn, with the £4.4bn rise attributed to contracts in the Middle East and Canada.
The UK’s defence exports have increased significantly over the last complete year, rising from £6.6bn ($8.3bn) in 2021 to £11.2bn in 2022, an approximate 70% increase in nominal prices, according to information released by the country’s Department for Business and Trade.
Outlined in its 17 November publication of the UK’s military exports, the information was obtained by surveys carried out by UK Defence and Security Export (UKDSE), combining contact data from the US, Canada, Australia, and Nato member states, with available market intelligence and media coverage.
In its executive summary, the UKDSE stated that the increase in 2022 was “due primarily to new contracts in the Middle East and Europe”, as well as export of helicopters to Canada. Over a five-year period 2018-2022, annual UK defence orders averaged £10bn.
However, the 2022 figures were down from a high of £14bn recorded in 2018, at the start of the five-year reporting period.
Regional breakdown of UK defence exports
According to the analysis carried out by the UKDSE, the Middle East was on average the largest market for UK defence export orders over the five years from 2018 to 2022, accounting for an average of 43% of the total value of orders across that period.
However, five-year moving average exports in the Middle East have shown a decline since 2019, reflecting a drop in in-year orders following large contracts in 2018 of Typhoon fighters and Brimstone missiles to Qatar, the report stated.
Five-year average exports to Europe increased from £0.8bn in 2018 to £2.2bn in 2022, overtaking those to North America in 2020. Most exports to Ukraine in 2022 are not counted as they have mostly been committed as part of a military assistance package following Russia’s invasion in February 2022.
Further UKDSE analysis found that over the five years from 2018 to 2022, on average the aerospace sector was estimated to have accounted for 68% of the value of UK defence exports and was the largest sector by value for the period 2013-2022.
Bumper deals for sales to Middle East countries will have contributed to this trend, with new aerospace projects such as the Future Combat Aircraft Systems, also known as FCAS, integrating defence primes in Europe and Japan with a view to the production of a sixth-generation fighter.
US still market leader for military exports
The US has been the largest defence exporter globally from 2013 to 2022, with the five-year average annual value for the country increased markedly in 2020, due in large part to high value aircraft orders to multiple countries in that year, UKDSE found.
The next largest exporters continue to trend lower than the US, although France’s five-year average has increased since 2020 due to winning aircraft contracts with various countries in 2021 and with Indonesia in 2022, as well as a contract for frigates to Greece, while South Korea saw a substantial increase in 2022 due to major deals with Poland, the UAE and Egypt.
Russian defence exports are less understood, with the UKDSE admitting that it did not have information on Moscow’s defence contracts in 2022. Knowledge of China’s defence exports was even more opaque, although the UKDSE stated that open-source information suggested that it was “a significant defence exporter”.
Poland stands out as key importer of defence equipment
UKDSE analysis revealed that over the five years from 2018 to 2022, the average annual Rest of World (non-UK) defence exports to Saudi Arabia exceeded those to all other countries, while the UAE saw a large increase in its five-year average orders in 2021, in large part due to an order of aircraft from France in that year.
In addition, Poland also saw a large increase in defence imports in 2022, with exports to the country exceeding those to all other national markets. South Korea accounted for most exports to Poland in 2022, including K239 Chunmoo Multiple-Rocket Launcher Systems, FA-50 aircraft and other military equipment. (Source: naval-technology.com)
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