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13 Nov 22. Turkey: Istanbul Terror Attack.
EVENT
On 13 November, a suspected terrorist attack was carried out at 16:20 (local time) on Istiklal Avenue, a busy shopping street near Taksim Square, Istanbul. According to preliminary reports, at least six people have been killed and 53 injured in the explosion, although the number of reported casualties will likely increase.
SIGNIFICANCE
- Emergency services have cordoned off the area and travel disruptions are likely to last for several hours. Following the attack, access to social media platforms has been restricted.
- President Tayyip Erdogan declared that the preliminary information likely indicated that the incident was a terrorist attack. The authorities have not yet announced the affiliation of the perpetrator and no organisation has claimed responsibility for the attack at this time.
- The explosion comes weeks after the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) carried out an attack against security forces near Mersin city, southern Turkey. The attack, which took place on 26 September, followed the launch of a large-scale operation against the PKK and other terrorist organisations in Turkey (see Sibylline’s Alert 27 September).
- Turkish media regulator RTUK banned media outlets and social media platforms from transmitting images of the attack in order to curtail the negative impact on security perception within Turkey. The government also reportedly restricted access to social media platforms, with Instagram, Youtube, Twitter, and other platforms registering connection failures.
FORECAST
Since terrorist attacks either by PKK or jihadist extremists in Istanbul have been rare over recent years, this incident may indicate increased capabilities by these groups to evade detection by Turkish security services. As a response, security forces will likely heighten the country’s security posture, with a significant focus on southern Turkey.
If the incident is confirmed as a PKK attack, further attacks across Turkey are likely. Targets in southern Turkey remain most at risk of being attacked considering the porous borders with Syria and the established presence of PKK in the area. Nevertheless, it is also a possibility that the attack was carried out by a jihadist extremist actor.
The attack will almost certainly harm Turkey’s tourism sector, and it also elevates risks to the operations of logistics and transport companies operating in the country.
(Source: Sibylline)
11 Nov 22. HMS Queen Elizabeth sails to undertake Operation Achillean.
The aircraft carrier will lead a CSG that includes several other RN warships, F-35 jets and Merlin helicopters. The UK Royal Navy’s (RN) lead Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier, HMS Queen Elizabeth, has set sail from Portsmouth to take part in Operation Achillean.
The aircraft carrier departed from Portsmouth on 10 November, marking the beginning of HMS Queen Elizabeth’s next phase of the autumn deployment programme.
Prior to this, the vessel completed a high-profile security conference in New York. This HMS Queen Elizabeth-hosted conference was held between the US and the UK.
Under the new deployment phase or Operation Achillean, the Queen Elizabeth-class vessel will lead a Carrier Striker Group (CSG) comprising several ships, helicopters and F-35B fighter jets from the 617 Squadron.
Portsmouth Naval Base commander commodore John Voyce said: “We wish HMS Queen Elizabeth and all the CSG the best of luck on their upcoming deployment.
“All at Portsmouth’s Naval Base are proud to support the RN’s flagship and prepare her for Operation Achillean.”
With HMS Queen Elizabeth at the centre, the RN’s CSG will work in close coordination with the Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF) and Nato allied and partner nations to reinforce the UK’s contribution towards maintaining European security.
The operation will see the participation of Merlin helicopters from Naval Air Squadrons 820, 845, 815 and 825, which will conduct sorties aboard the aircraft carrier’s flight deck.
Other members to take part in this operation include the UK CSG commander commodore Angus Essenhigh and his staff commanding from HMS Queen Elizabeth.
Furthermore, a task force led by the RN’s amphibious transport dock HMS Albion has also been deployed in the Mediterranean to take part in the operation.
Several RN vessels are operating separately from HMS Queen Elizabeth to serve the same objective of safeguarding Europe’s security. (Source: naval-technology.com)
10 Nov 22. US Army announces next three brigades deploying to Europe.
The Army announced fresh deployments for three brigades and a division headquarters Wednesday afternoon, revealing which units will take up positions in Europe as part of the long-running Atlantic Resolve deterrence mission.
- The 4th Infantry Division’s headquarters element will depart Fort Carson, Colorado, to replace the 1st Infantry Division’s leaders as the two-star headquarters overseeing the U.S. portion of the NATO-led mission.
- 4th Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade will deploy with their division headquarters and replace their counterparts from the 1st Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade out of Fort Riley, Kansas.
- The 1st Cavalry Division’s 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team will replace the Fort Hood, Texas-based division’s 3rd ABCT. The “Black Jack Brigade” recently completed another Atlantic Resolve rotation in 2020, according to a division press release.
- The 3rd Combat Aviation Brigade, stationed at Hunter Army Airfield near Savannah, Georgia, will swap with the 1st Armored Division’s Combat Aviation Brigade.
The units’ commanders expressed their eagerness for the mission in statements accompanying the releases.
Col. Christopher Kirkpatrick of 2nd ABCT, 1st Cavalry Division, welcomed the deployment, saying the “Black Jack Brigade” is “’all-in’ to reassure our European allies.”
The 4th Infantry Division’s top general, Maj. Gen. David Hodne, described his formations as “highly trained, focused, and ready,” in a division press release.
And Col. Eric Vanek, the 3rd Combat Aviation Brigade’s commander, declared his “Dogface Soldiers…are ready to serve.”
Army officials said the rotations will occur during the first half of 2023, but did not specify projected handover dates due to operational security concerns. Units deployed as part of Atlantic Resolve typically spend nine months overseas, according to an Army Europe and Africa fact sheet.
Atlantic Resolve rotations began in 2014 in response to Russia’s annexation of Crimea and the war in Ukraine’s Donbas region. They are intended to reassure NATO allies across Eastern Europe through joint training events and simultaneously deter further aggression from Russia.
Wednesday’s announcement confirmed the service will maintain two ABCTs in Europe in light of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February.
Previously, Atlantic Resolve only included one tank brigade. But in the invasion’s wake, the number of ABCTs in theater jumped from one to three, raising concerns over the pace of deployments for the Army’s tank units. That number fell to two earlier this year when the 1st Infantry Division’s 1st ABCT returned home without a replacement unit.
When 1st Cav’s 2nd ABCT arrives, they will join troops from the 1st Infantry Division’s 2nd ABCT, whose Atlantic Resolve rotation was announced in September. It’s not clear if the two-ABCT Atlantic Resolve commitment is permanent, though, and Army officials did not immediately respond to a query from Army Times seeking clarification.
Other increases in troop levels have become permanent, too, with the Joe Biden administration announcing in June that Romania would permanently host a rotational brigade combat team. The 101st Airborne Division’s 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team is currently there.
Additional “crisis-surge” units remain in Europe as well, though they are slowly decreasing in number.
The 101st Airborne Division’s headquarters is in Romania, but the 18th Airborne Corps headquarters is on its way back to Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Defense officials recently announced that a smaller, “enduring” headquarters to coordinate security assistance to Ukraine will replace the corps. (Source: Army Times)
10 Nov 22. UK: Policy, business risks in Northern Ireland will remain elevated following call to postpone fresh elections. Earlier on 10 November, the UK’s Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Chris Heaton-Harris, announced that he would postpone his call for fresh elections by 12 weeks in order to provide room for London and Brussels to reach an agreement regarding the Northern Ireland Protocol (NIP). Under the current rules, Heaton-Harris was meant to call an election by 19 January. However, it is likely that the deadline will be extended until 13 April, unless Northern Irish parties agree to form a government by 8 December – a process which the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) has obstructed since the elections in May. As a result, policy and business risks, as well as political uncertainty, will remain elevated in Northern Ireland in the coming months. This scenario will endure until the UK government reaches an agreement with the EU regarding post-Brexit trade. (Source: Sibylline)
10 Nov 22. Statement from the Joint Expeditionary Force. The JEF Defence Ministers met in Edinburgh to discuss future cooperation. Today, Defence Ministers and senior representatives of the Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF) – comprising Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom – met here today in Edinburgh.
Eight months after meeting at Belvoir Castle on the eve of Russia’s illegal invasion of Ukraine, the JEF nations remain steadfast in our support for sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. Since February, JEF members have been at the forefront of providing diplomatic, financial, humanitarian and military support to Ukraine, nationally and in various international frameworks. The JEF has also made a significant contribution to bolstering the security of Northern Europe through a series of coordinated activities to enhance defensive responses.
Yesterday we witnessed first hand personnel from JEF members instructing Ukrainian troops as part of the international training offer. Together we are providing Ukrainian citizens with the skills, capabilities and personal equipment that they need to defend their homeland.
Today we addressed recent developments in the ongoing invasion and considered how our nations should adapt our contributions to continue providing impactful and enduring support. JEF members have made significant provision of military aid over the last eight months. This support will also now be built upon through the International Fund for Ukraine, which will finance new contracts for the provision of vital equipment for Ukraine’s fight.
The JEF has increased its military activities in Northern Europe in 2022 to provide greater levels of security assurance to our members and the wider region. As we meet, Joint Protector 2022 is concluding in Denmark, through which JEF members have exercised our collective responses to the newly emerging threats and potential crisis scenarios. This year the JEF has also deployed military forces and provided practical assurance measures to Finland and Sweden through their accession to NATO, and we remain steadfast in our support of them becoming full members of the Alliance.
JEF meetings develop both our shared understanding of events and agility to react to them, providing a valuable contribution to regional and wider European security. Today, we reviewed that contribution and agreed to deepen our cooperation on hybrid threats and the protection of Critical National Infrastructure, and mature our vision for the JEF’s long-term development as a key component of Northern European security: supporting our members, delivering region-specific and multi-domain defence activities, and contributing to the security of Europe as one of NATO’s Framework Nation Concept.
The leaders of JEF member nations are scheduled to meet in Riga, Latvia, in December and will progress this work together. (Source: https://www.gov.uk/)
10 Nov 22. UK Ranger Unit serves alongside US Special Operations Forces.
UK Rangers have deployed alongside US Special Operations Forces for the first time, in California’s Mojave Desert.
- UK Ranger Battalion deploys alongside US Special Operations Forces for the first time
- United Kingdom, United States and Australia showcase pioneering equipment during Project Convergence exercise in California
- Multi-national demonstration promotes rapid data sharing and decision making
The Rangers work with the Special Operations Forces and the US 75th Ranger Regiment to explore the deployment and use of the British Army’s new Special Operations Brigade and Ranger Regiment.
Allies from the UK, US and Australia demonstrated the integration of cutting-edge technology alongside key industry leaders, in a series of experimental battlefield firsts.
The event, Project Convergence 2022, examines how using artificial intelligence (AI), robotics and autonomy can improve battlefield situational awareness, connecting sensors with shooters and accelerating decision-making speeds.
At Fort Irwin in California around 300 technologies were showcased and assessed, including long-range fires, uncrewed aerial systems, autonomous fighting vehicles and next-generation sensors.
Delivering the UK element of the project, 450 soldiers from the British Army, under the UK’s 20th Armoured Combat Battle Team (20 ABCT), were supported by more than 20 scientists and engineers from the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory.
Experimentation, science and research enables better data capture and analysis to identify successes and address challenges for future war fighting.
Attending the project, Defence Procurement Minister Alex Chalk said: “Delivering on our ambitions outlined in Future Soldier and the Integrated Review, Project Convergence highlights the progress the British Army is making to being more lethal, agile and expeditionary force, through key collaboration with our longstanding international allies and partners.”
The project also saw a number of other firsts for the UK:
- A UK Air Surveillance Radar (Giraffe) has connected to a US network to control and manage targets (normally a US only system) for battlefield data sharing.
- ZODIAC, a UK artificial intelligence enabled decision support system that can help Commanders make decisions, was connected to US ‘sensors’, feeding information into a multinational intelligence network.
- A US F35 fighter jet has cued fires for a UK GMLRS missile platform, without the requirement for a person in the loop, cutting the strike time down from minutes to seconds.
- The UK have manufactured US parts using 3D printing, helping them resupply at reach and sharing technical designs of vehicle and weapon parts.
- UK HoloLens (augmented reality lenses) have been used to help logisticians and maintainers fix equipment supported by a technical expert on the other wide of the world.
Through the tri-national collaboration, Project Convergence has placed a renewed emphasis on how data can be transformed into information which can be exploited across weapons systems for the UK, our allies and partners. (Source: https://www.gov.uk/)
09 Nov 22. Slovakia: Dual-use exports to Russia and Iran raise concerns over sanctions violations. The Parliamentary Committee for Defence and Security called for a legislative hearing about reports that Slovakia’s Ministry of Finance has approved dual-use exports, including components that could be used in heavy weapons, to Russian companies. The controversial exports include Rotax 912 engines to Iran which are used in drones deployed by Russia in Ukraine and bearings to Belarusian MZKT which manufactures missile vehicles used by Russia as well. Following the reports, officials of the Ministry of Finance stated they do not influence how Russia uses the exported goods and claimed that the Ministry of Economy is responsible for issuing export licences. It is likely that the reports will increase scrutiny over the export of dual-use products both in Slovakia and in the wider region, and may elevate reputational risks for companies producing dual-use technologies. (Source: Sibylline)
08 Nov 22. Spanish NASAMS unit completes readiness certification in Latvia. Spanish personnel have been contributing to Nato’s Air Shielding mission of the eastern flank since mid-June.
A Spanish unit handling the National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System (NASAMS) has successfully completed a two-day readiness verification exercise in Latvia.
Comprising 85 Spanish Army personnel attached to Ground Based Air Defence Task Force Latvia (GBAD TF LVA), the unit performed various drills to demonstrate their preparedness to protect NATO’s eastern flank.
The exercise sought to bring the NASAMS unit under the alliance’s Integrated Air and Missile Defence architecture.
It validated the unit’s capability to enforce Nato standards, including response times and communications links with other elements across the region.
As a distributed and networked short to medium-range GBAD system, NASAMS offers defence against uncrewed aerial vehicles, helicopters, cruise missiles, and crewed fixed-wing aircraft.
The Spanish NASAMS combines a US-made MPQ-64 Sentinel Air Defense X Band 3D radar and AMRAAM missiles with Fire Distribution Centre (FDC), a Norwegian battle management system.
Through data fusion, the FDCs can process radar tracks and generate a complete air picture. The AMRAAM missiles fired from a towed launcher offer a horizontal range of over 25km.
As part of the latest drills, the Spanish task force tracked and engaged in simulated airborne attacks, as well as real tracks, which were represent#ted by live-flying Quick Reaction Alert fighter aircraft from the Hungarian JAS-39 Gripen detachment.
GBAD TF LVA commander major Juan Jesús Fodríguez Lahore said: “We deployed here in mid-June and have since contributed to Nato’s Air Shielding mission of the eastern flank.
“We have worked with our Latvian hosts here at Lielvarde and have been contributing to Nato exercises.
“Thanks to this strong performance during the exercise, the Spanish NASAMS unit, in cooperation with their Latvian colleagues, passed the Readiness Verification, which means it is now certified and ready to defend Latvian airspace under Nato command arrangements.” (Source: army-technology.com)
08 Nov 22. Britain vows to flow artillery, helicopters into Estonia.
British and Estonian officials have inked a road map for beefing up their military ties that will boost the remaining U.K. contingent in the Baltic nation with short-range air defense weapons and multiple-launch rocket systems, the two governments announced Tuesday.
The agreement, signed in London by British Defence Secretary Ben Wallace and his Estonian counterpart, Hanno Pevkur, aims to implement NATO plans approved in Madrid, Spain, over the summer for hardening the alliance’s eastern front.
Also part of the deal are pledges by Britain to rotate “additional capabilities and enablers,” including attack and cargo helicopters, into Estonia throughout 2023, according to a joint statement.
“In January, Chinook helicopters will arrive in Estonia, in March Apache helicopters, in April Typhoon fighters, and in May an additional battlegroup will be deployed to Estonia for the large-scale exercise Spring Storm,” Pevkur said in a statement on the deal from the Estonian Defence Ministry. “The UK will maintain the multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS), brought to Estonia in summer 2022 to reinforce the allied battlegroup, and the short range air defense systems Stormer.”
Britain is the so-called framework, or lead, nation for Estonia under NATO’s enhanced forward presence scheme, with a battle group of roughly 900 soldiers in the country at all times in six-month rotations. Danish and French forces are also part of the allied force structure alongside host-nation troops.
The U.K. sent a second battle group to the Baltic nation in February as war was on the horizon in Ukraine. Russia invaded its neighbor on Feb. 24. That second battle group, described as a temporary deployment by British defense officials, is set to return home in December.
According to a report in The Times in late September, which described initial planning in London to reduce Britain’s personnel footprint in Estonia, the government in Tallinn had hoped to permanently keep the equivalent of two battle groups in the country.
The combination of removing one battle group and beefing up the other with division-level weaponry would serve to “enhance the effectiveness” of remaining British troops, according to the joint statement.
“The UK’s commitment to Estonia and European defense and security is unwavering,” Wallace said in the statement. “The deployment of assets such as Apache and Chinook helicopters to exercise in Estonia is a clear example of the strength of our relationship, and the importance we place on our ability to effectively operate side by side.”
Under the new bilateral road map, Estonia will build additional housing infrastructure for foreign troops at Tapa Army Base by May 2023 and complete construction next year of a new hub for managing the logistics of receiving allied forces.
The country also will work during 2023 to create and certify a division headquarters capable of commanding all allied forces in Estonia, as agreed at the Madrid summit.
The NATO gathering in June resulted in a flurry of activities across Eastern Europe that are collectively meant to shift the continent’s posture toward what NATO officials call “forward defense.” The concept entails quashing a hypothetical Russian invasion of a NATO member at the border, versus accepting Moscow’s troops invading for a few days before allied reinforcements arrive to push them out. (Source: Defense News Early Bird/Defense News)
08 Nov 22. Allied Warfighter Talks Look to NATO’s Future. The Allied Warfighter Talks are underway today with the goals of increasing NATO’s deterrence and defense capabilities and assuring alliance unity in the wake of Russia’s unprovoked and brutal invasion of Ukraine.
The talks — held at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland — look to continue the successes of the alliance for the future.
French Air Force Gen. Philippe Lavigne, the commander of NATO’s Allied Command Transformation, and Navy Adm. Christopher Grady, the vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, discussed the alliance and the talks during an interview in Grady’s Pentagon office.
Both men praised the unity among the NATO nations in opposing the Russian invasion and the way the 30 nations of the alliance came together to support Ukraine. Lavigne called alliance unity “a center of gravity,” adding that Russian President Vladimir Putin had miscalculated and figured NATO would fracture.
But the Warfighter Talks are more than just discussions of immediate challenges. The talks posit scenarios that challenge senior strategic leaders to figure new ways to operate together, integrate forces and capabilities and synchronize global efforts, Lavigne said.
This idea is now a cultural part of the way NATO nations work together, but it wasn’t always that way. In the mid-1970s, NATO introduced a new idea called interoperability. At that time, it was just to ensure NATO nations fielded communications equipment that could operate together.
But the idea of interoperability changed over the intervening years, and it became important that NATO forces shared battlefield awareness, tactics, intelligence, logistics and more. Military capabilities are now developed with a focus on interoperability.
“Interoperability is just the starting point,” Grady said. “Where we really want to is from interoperability to integration and then to interchangeability. That’s really, really important — the ability to just kind of plug and play.”
Operating within NATO is another part of interoperability, and the Warfighter Talks have significant input from Army Gen. Christopher Cavoli, NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe; Dutch navy Adm. Rob Bauer, Chairman of the NATO Military Committee; representatives from the combatant commands and leaders from the NATO nations.
Lavigne’s command — based in Norfolk, Virginia — has the mission of “leading the warfare development of military structures, forces, capabilities and doctrines.” The general stresses innovation and new outside-the-box ways of looking at capabilities and problems. The command tests new ideas in exercises. He says interoperability is linked with interconnectivity and the whole world of digital transformation.
Developing this will help not only the service members on the sharp end of the spear but should buy defense leaders more time to make decisions, Lavigne said.
NATO’s new strategic concept — the first since 2010 — is a realistic look at the world and the threats that confront the alliance. These range from Russia to Iran to terrorism to an emerging China, Lavigne said. Energy security, the weaponization of mass migrations, famines, droughts, natural and manmade disasters and more must be considered as well.
Affecting all is the threat of climate change, and both men said the alliance must take this into consideration as it looks to the future. Cutting energy consumption has a readiness aspect, too, Grady said, and there are emission targets for NATO to reach as a whole.
The readiness aspect is concrete and one that service members can appreciate. “If I don’t have to refuel a destroyer every three days, but I can extend that to every five days, that is less risk to the crews of both vessels,” he said. (Source: US DoD)
08 Nov 22. UK and Estonia commit to closer defence cooperation. Defence Secretary Ben Wallace and Estonian Minister of Defence Hanno Pevkur commit to stronger defence cooperation.
- UK Apache and Chinook helicopters to deploy to Estonia periodically from January 2023.
- Exercise Spring Storm will take place in Estonia in May next year – part of more regular deployments high readiness forces.
- UK to support development of Estonia’s warfighting Division and provide a Brigadier to lead the enhanced Forward Presence Battlegroup.
The United Kingdom will periodically deploy helicopters to Estonia as part of enhancing our nations’ deep defence relationship built on shared interests and values. The Defence Secretary Ben Wallace hosted his counterpart Estonian Minister of Defence Hanno Pevkur in London for a meeting, during which the Ministers committed to stronger ties and issued a joint statement. A Guard of Honour welcomed Minister Pevkur on arrival.
The Ministers signed a roadmap which sets out a shared plan to implement commitments made at the NATO Summit in Madrid earlier this year. The roadmap will see a more capable UK presence in Estonia, continuing our commitment to deter aggression and defend European and NATO security.
UK Defence Secretary Ben Wallace said: “The UK’s commitment to Estonia and European defence and security is unwavering. The deployment of assets such as Apache and Chinook helicopters to exercise in Estonia is a clear example of the strength of our relationship, and the importance we place on our ability to effectively operate side by side.”
Estonia Defence Minister Hanno Pevkur said: “In the roadmap, Estonia have committed to start the development of an Estonian warfighting Division which will ensure coordinated use of national and allied forces in the defence of Estonia. This work will be supported by the UK, who are providing training and mentoring through an advisory team and close links with the UK’s 3rd Division.”
The UK has an enhanced forward presence (eFP) Battlegroup in Estonia, and this deployment will be enhanced through divisional-level assets such as short range air defence and multiple rocket launch systems in the country. These will be augmented with periodic deployments of additional capabilities including Apache and Chinook helicopters. The first of these surges will begin January 2023, when Chinook Helicopters will deploy to Estonia.
From April 2023, the UK’s eFP Headquarters in Estonia will be led by a Brigadier, enhancing the HQ’s capabilities. In addition, the UK will hold a Brigade sized force at high readiness in the UK, ready to reinforce Estonia and the Baltics at a time of need. These forces will regularly exercise in Estonia and the first exercise, Spring Storm, is planned for May 2023.
Estonia is supporting these plans by building four additional accommodation halls and other necessary support facilities at Tapa Camp which will be completed before the exercise begins.
Separately, the UK will be providing Baltic Air Policing in Estonia from March to July 2023 using Typhoon aircraft and will continue to contribute to NATO maritime patrols in the Baltics.
Estonia and the UK are both part of the Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF), a group of ten European nations who work together in support of European security. (Source: https://www.gov.uk/)
07 Nov 22. Kosovo: Ethno-religious tensions remain elevated as ethnic Serbs resign from jobs. On 6 November, ethnic Serbs held demonstrations in northern Mitrovica in Kosovo in order to protest the implementation of a new regulation that requires old licence plates issued by Serbia to be changed to Kosovo ones in the region. Furthermore, minority Serbs in the Albanian majority country have also announced their planned resignation from public service jobs, particularly affecting the northern regions of the country where more ethnic Serbs live. According to the announcement ethnic Serb police officers, judges, mayors as well as other civil servants are planning to resign from their roles. While there were no reports of violence during recent demonstrations, arson attacks against vehicles that have changed to new licence plates have been reported over recent weeks and will likely continue over the coming months. From 21 November, Kosovo authorities will start issuing fines for cars with old licence plates, further increasing ethno-religious and regional tensions with Serbia. (Source: Sibylline)
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